Are U.S. and Mexican deportation and reintegration
policies fomenting delinquency in Tijuana? According to a prominent
academic researcher and immigrant rights activist, the answer is yes.
Victor Clark Alfaro, director of Tijuana’s Binational Center for Human
Rights, told the local press that the deportation of gang-affiliated
individuals who are left on their own in the Mexican border city with no
resources or legitimate employment options is exacerbating a serious
problem of drug abuse and delinquency.
Of an average of 200 deportees who arrive daily to
Tijuana, Clark Alfaro estimated that at least 30 percent of them have
ties with southern California gangs including Mara Salvatrucha, M-18,
M-13, Florence, and the Mexican Mafia. After their arrival in Tijuana,
the deportees don’t find job opportunities and confront discrimination
from the local society because of their dress, style and tattoos, Clark
Alfaro contended.
The border anthropologist said the lack of papers on
the U.S. side of the border is likewise a problem on the Mexican side,
where it is difficult to obtain the birth certificates and federal voter
cards which are routinely used for identification in Mexico.
Undocumented individuals are then harassed and detained by Tijuana
municipal police officers, Clark Alfaro asserted.
He said the desperate situation of the deportees
coupled with the cross-border criminal backgrounds of many make them
ideal recruits for organized crime. Employed as look-outs, meth cooks,
street dealers and hit men, deportees wind up constituting the lower
base of the pyramid of organized crime in Tijuana, Clark Alfaro added.
While the high-profile violence between warring drug
gangs that shattered Tijuana a few years back has largely receded into
the background, local drug consumption and the violence associated with
it have not gone away. Regularly, the press reports on the detentions of
street dealers, small-scale drug confiscations and killings said to be
connected to the lower rung of the underworld.
This week, for example, the Baja California attorney
general’s office told the media it was investigating four homicides
committed in recent days. In one case, two men were found beaten and
strangled in a home. In another case, Roberto Alejandro Cortes Chorta,
25, was arrested and accused of killing his friend, 26-year-old Veronica
Palacios Espinoza, and then stuffing her body in a suitcase with the
aid of his mother, after the young couple consumed drugs and argued.
In a third instance, 21-year-old Jessica Michele Munoz
was found strangled inside a Ford Explorer with a dose of crystal meth
on a breast. Reportedly, Munoz was earlier linked to small-time drug
dealing. On Wednesday, March 20, 22-year-old Margarita Martinez Michel
became the third woman murdered in Tijuana in a week when she was shot
to death in front of her home, in a crime also linked to street dealing.
On March 19, Tijuana municipal Baja California state
police authorities reported detaining 18 street dealers and confiscating
small amounts of meth, heroin, cocaine and marijuana. Separately, two
other men were arrested for allegedly preparing a car with California
license plates with a marijuana shipment.
In an analysis published last year, Clark Alfaro, who
teaches at San Diego State University, wrote that the presumed end of
the Tijuana drug war and the decline in murder statistics, which
registered more than 2,300 homicides during the peak years of violence
between 2008 and 2010 according to the scholar-activist, has not ended
insecurity but largely confined it to the working-class neighborhoods of
the city and among the lower classes. A similar pattern is currently
playing out in Ciudad Juarez, Acapulco and other places.
Clark Alfaro described two Tijuanas: “the modern city. ”
a place where the financial and political elite reside, and the rest of
the city where poor zones punctuated with islands of walled-off
subdivisions proliferate.
As order has been restored for the upper echelons of
society, social disintegration has taken hold on the lower end,
characterized by rising drug addiction, especially to meth, and the
briskness of an illicit market that easily withstands police and
military seizures, according to Clark Alfaro. In this schema, the
business of murder is systematic but tucked away from the larger society
and done in a non-scandalous way.
Wrote the border analyst:
“The murdered, on average one a day, now are not people
murdered in abhorrent ways: decapitated, dismembered or incinerated.
Rather, they are shot to death…the daily murder victims are now
irrelevant persons in the structure of delinquency, since according to
the authorities, 80 percent of them were people linked to the sale of
drugs on the streets of the other Tijuana, not the modern part of the
city,”.
In his more recent comments to the Tijuana press, Clark
Alfaro said not enough attention was being paid to the issue of local
drug dealing/consumption. He urged giving alternatives to deportees but
feared public policy was headed in the wrong direction. “All indications
are that a police solution is desired for a problem that requires a
humanitarian one,” Clark Alfaro contended.
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